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About Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors and comprises: VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD. VEGFA is commonly expressed in almost all human tumors and tumor cell lines, mainly acting on vascular endothelial cells and participating in angiogenesis, embryonic development and tumor development; VEGFA inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and disrupt the normal differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells; VEGFA also induces the expression of immunosuppression-related molecule PD-L1 on DCs, and activates antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) through neurofelt protein 1 (NRP1) signaling on Tregs (with a down-regulatory T cell effect), etc. Therefore, in addition to the defined anti-angiogenic effect, anti-VEGFA monoclonal antibody drugs can indirectly activate the immune response to promote the tumor infiltration of T cells, as well as initiate and activate the T cell response to immunogens, aiding in the enhancement of the immune checkpoint inhibitor effect. Bevacizumab (Avastin), developed by Roche, was the first VEGFA monoclonal antibody oncology drug to be marketed worldwide. It has been approved as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer, NSCLC, glioma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer or primary peritoneal cancer, and in recent years has been approved in combination with PD(L)-1 monoclonal antibody for the first line treatment of patients with NSCLC and hepatocellular carcinoma due to its immunomodulatory effects.
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